
¿Qué es la Escuela Nacional de la Administración y por qué necesita ser reformada en serio?
La misma fue fundada por Charles de Gaulle, después de la II Guerra Mundial, con el objetivo de reconstruir Francia y renovar el propio Estado a través de la formación de cuadros que participaran del servicio público francés con la vocación de acción pública asentada sobre las bases del bien común.
Por otro lado, se buscaba atraer conciudadanos de las distintas regiones francesas, para integrarlos en esta nueva administración profesionalizada, y de alguna manera lograr el declive de los parisinos dentro de la organización estatal, quienes estaban asociados por parte de la sociedad en su conjunto con la alta elite francesa.
Su formación fue un claro ejemplo de la ideología dominante, superar el nepotismo y construir un Estado moderno utilizando como instrumento ecuánime la meritocracia. El eslogan indicaba que su desempeño seria la regla para formar parte de esta nueva Escuela, y se traduciría luego en los cargos de funcionarios puertas adentro del propio Estado, una vez que los mismos hayan egresado.
Como muchas de las creencias relacionadas con la formación y la gestión, en sus principios brindó muy buenos resultados, y básicamente, se logró educar a profesionales y técnicos especializados con vocación de servicio y expertise necesarias para la administración eficiente del Estado francés. Un país que fue invadido por los Nazis y que años después resurgía como el Ave Fénix.
Sin embargo, con el correr de los años, y con los notables cambios sociales, políticos y económicos con los que se fue enfrentando la transformación de Europa desde mediados del S. XX a hoy, demuestran que muchas de las cuestiones que quiso evitar, especialmente el compensar y neutralizar la concentración de elites en las gestiones, no pudo ejecutarse.
En la actualidad, los propios datos de las camadas recientes han demostrado que los padres de los estudiantes de la ENA o son funcionarios públicos o ejecutivos de grandes empresas. En ese sentido: Pocos de sus estudiantes tienen su origen en la clase trabajadora. Sobre 82 alumnos de la promoción 2019-2020, solo uno era hijo de un obrero. Pero eso dato no es una excepción, dado que según sus propias estadísticas: El 6% son hijos de obreros y el 75% son hijos de ejecutivos. Como bien señala Pierre Bourdieu son « héritiers », es decir herederos, no hay mérito en nacer rico.
La mayoría de los estudiantes de la ENA están en la mitad de sus 20 años y son graduados de otras universidades de prestigio de Francia. Algunos estudiantes ingresan con posgrados, mientras que otros llegan como funcionarios de la administración pública u otras profesiones.
De acuerdo a los expertos consultados por BBC, menos de un tercio de las personas aceptadas son mujeres. “Muchos ministros, presidentes, primeros ministros de Francia se han graduado en la ENA. La mayoría de los CEO de las principales empresas francesas son egresados de este instituto, aunque no haya sido creado con esa intención”, explicó Eymeri-Douzans, presidente del grupo europeo de administración pública (GEAP/EGPA).
Es por esta razón que luego de la propia rebelión de los chalecos amarillos (gilets jaunes), el actual Presidente Macron expresara que “Si queremos construir una sociedad con igualdad de oportunidades y excelencia a nivel nacional, debemos restablecer las reglas de reclutamiento, carreras y acceso a los escalones más altos de la administración pública“.
La noticia hoy nos lleva a conocer fehacientemente que a partir del año próximo, todos los graduados se incorporarán en un cuerpo único, el de los administradores del Estado, y antes de integrarse en uno de los grandes cuerpos deberán pasar años de trabajo sobre el terreno.
Es decir, los alumnos ya no irán hacia un destino determinado en función de sus resultados académicos, como hasta ahora. Lo que ocurría era que los mejores se dirigían a los grandes cuerpos del Estado y podían pasarse ahí el resto de sus carreras, como una renta vitalicia. Se conformará un cuerpo único, el de los administradores del Estado, y antes de integrarse en uno de los grandes cuerpos deberán pasar años de trabajo sobre el terreno. El ISP tendrá también una oposición específica para candidatos de barrios desfavorecidos
El “timing” de la reforma no es casual, ya que con esta medida Macron pone en marcha el reloj imaginario que realiza el conteo regresivo para el 8 de abril de 2022. Fecha en la que se pone en juego nada menos que su permanencia en el Palacio del Eliseo.
ENA será reemplazado por el ISP (Institut du service public) con la idea de que sea más flexible, diverso y abierto. En definitiva: Una reforma cosmética, electoralista, corta y con mal timing. Lo que hay que cambiar se maquilla, y lo que no hay que cambiar se cambia. De hecho, llama la atención que no se preserve el nombre, una suerte de “marca registrada” de Francia, casi como el Champagne o el Roquefort.
Nos quedará saber si en el futuro, estos cambios a implementarse tendrán como resultado realmente una transformación integral, o tan solo quedará en un pequeño cambio de nombre con algunas modificaciones en términos organizativos con intereses netamente electorales.
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